| Introduction | Estimates | Design | Measurement | Equalization | THOR-ORION xo |
| Supplies | SPL limits |

Subwoofer frequency response equalization

The subwoofer is intended for the frequency range below 40 Hz, where the response of the driver in the small box rolls off considerably. An investigation of power requirements had shown that it is feasible to obtain maximum excursion Xmax with a reasonable size amplifier. Therefore, equalization can make the unit into a useful subwoofer. The amount of equalization can be estimated from the [EQ] tab of closed-box1.xls , after the target response has been defined in block 5 under [Spec's]. 

The effect of the poles at 30 Hz and 46 Hz will be canceled by zeros at the same frequencies, in order to bring up the frequency response. The circuit for this is shown below. It uses the layout of the WM1 printed circuit board .

  

Alternatively, the Linkwitz Transform circuit topology could have been used, since even for this case of real axis poles the realizability criterion k > 0 in block 6 under [Spec's] is satisfied with Fp = 20 Hz and Qp = 0.5, for example. This circuit can also be accommodated on the WM1 board. The above asymptotic match of the measured frequency response curve indicates poles at 30 Hz and 46 Hz, which corresponds to F0 = sqrt(30 x 46) = 37.2 Hz and Q0 = 37.2/(30 + 46) = 0.49. 
F0 is not too different from the calculated value for Fb in box 3 under [Spec's], but Q0 is significantly higher than Qt. The values F0 = 37.2 and Q0 = 0.49 should be used in pz-eql.xls to determine component values.

The necessary boost in gain cannot be carried too far, or the equalizer circuit runs into voltage clipping at the power supply rails. Since it is likely that there will be some room gain at the very low frequency end, the response is not equalized to be flat, which helps with the clipping concern. A subsonic rumble highpass filter would defeat the purpose of the subwoofer. I have not found that rumble is an issue, if the subwoofer system is designed for large voltage swings and volume displacements.

The actual low frequency response curve was arrived at interactively, by observing the acoustic response, while modifying the two low frequency corners of the boost. The ultimate roll-off is governed by these new poles at 15 Hz and 6.4 Hz. The 450 Hz pole compensates for the rise in response as the woofer becomes directional. This removes associated phase shift from consideration when crossing over around 100 Hz.

Before the subwoofer can be used in a sound system, it must be matched up with the existing woofer. The necessary crossover circuitry can be constructed on the MT1 circuit board . The low frequency roll-off of the existing woofer may require additional equalization in order to obtain the desired acoustic highpass response. This can be accomplished with the biquad circuitry on the WM1 circuit board.

In my case, I have used at one time the LFE output of the Lexicon DC-2 processor, which has a 40 Hz lowpass function with 24 dB/oct roll-off slope and I relied on this unit to handle the integration with the left and right speakers in my system. Now I use dedicated circuitry to divide the preamplifier output signal between THOR and ORION in order to obtain an exact 40 Hz LR4 acoustic crossover between each main speaker and its subwoofer. The two THOR units are placed together on the floor in the left front corner of my living room which is still acoustically close at 40 Hz to the radial distances from my listening positions to the main speakers. 

Other applications

THOR can be used as a subwoofer for the ORION to increase its low frequency output volume. It can, of course, also serve as a regular woofer, when crossed over around 100 Hz to a midrange. In that application it may not be necessary to equalize it at all, since the frequency response roll-off is gradual and only 6 dB down at 30 Hz. But an active crossover is needed. The design procedure for the crossover is as follows:

• Completely seal any vents or openings of the existing speaker cabinet to make it a closed box. This will create a 2nd order acoustic highpass response for the old woofer. (Merely leave a pin hole for static air pressure equalization between inside and outside.)
• To determine F0 and Q0 of the newly created highpass filter measure the low frequency impedance of the speaker at its binding posts using f0Q0.gif and the [Test] tab of closed-box1.xls . 
• If F0 is less than 140 Hz and Q0 between 0.6 and 0.8, then use F0 as the new crossover frequency value and proceed to the next step, which is to design the circuitry for a 4th order acoustic crossover. 
  If F0 is higher, or Q0 falls outside the indicated range, then things get a bit more complicated. Q0 = 1 would make a 3rd order Butterworth filter with the addition of an electrical 1st order highpass at F0, such as a simple RC filter. 
  In other cases it may be necessary to use a pole-zero shifting circuit to first bring F0 and/or Q0 to more convenient values. 
• With a 2nd order acoustic highpass filter at F0 and Q0 of approximately 0.7 it is only necessary to add a single electrical highpass filter section with F0 and Q0 = 0.7 to drive the existing speakers. The combination of existing acoustic highpass and added electrical filter gives the targeted 4th order L-R crossover highpass response. The electrical lowpass filter that drives the woofer power amplifier requires two sections to achieve a 24 dB/oct roll-off. Component values are calculated from 
  F0 = 1 / (8.89 R C) 
• Left and right channel crossovers can be build up on a single MT1 circuit board by loading only the necessary components. In this application of the pcb it is preferable to jumper wire the gain control section into the woofer signal path. 
• With the crossover connected between preamplifier and power amplifiers use a 100 W or larger solid-state stereo power amplifier to drive the two woofers that have been added.

| Introduction | Estimates | Design | Measurement | Equalization | THOR-ORION xo |
| Supplies | SPL limits |